5.5.0

5.5.0 — 09 Apr 2026

• Adds NutrientInstantView, a widget that embeds a live Instant document directly in the Flutter widget tree with real-time collaboration support on Android and iOS. (J#HYB-988)
• Adds NutrientViewConfiguration, a typed cross-platform viewer configuration for bindings-based views, with IOSViewConfiguration and AndroidViewConfiguration sub-configurations. Intended to replace the legacy PdfConfiguration in a future release. (J#HYB-988)
• Adds DocumentSaveOptions in PdfDocument.save() and PdfDocument.exportPdf() on Android and iOS. (J#HYB-352)
• Adds coordinate conversion APIs to NutrientViewController for mapping between view and PDF coordinate spaces. (J#HYB-642)
• Adds the useCDN option to PdfWebConfiguration and WebViewConfiguration for explicit control over CDN vs. self-hosted asset loading on Web. (J#HYB-910)
• Updates to Nutrient iOS SDK 26.6.0.
• Updates to Nutrient Android SDK 11.2.1. (J#HYB-986)
• Updates to Nutrient Web SDK 1.13.0.
• Updates kotlinVersion to 2.3.10 and androidCompileSdkVersion/androidTargetSdkVersion to 36. (J#HYB-986)
• Fixes Instant sync not working on subsequent document opens on iOS.
• Fixes a Web assertion error when setting baseUrl via PdfWebConfiguration. (J#HYB-910)
• Fixes an Android issue where interactions were incorrectly routed when multiple NutrientView instances were shown simultaneously. (J#HYB-136)
• Fixes annotation model validation and serialization issues. (J#HYB-821)

5.4.1 - 22 Feb 2026

• Updates to Nutrient iOS SDK 26.5.0. (#50888)
• Fixes an iOS issue where the AdapterBridge couldn't retrieve the PSPDFViewController via FFI when using NutrientView with a platform adapter. (#50888)

5.4.0 — 18 Feb 2026

• [Beta] Adds federated plugin architecture with platform-specific packages (nutrient_flutter_platform_interface, nutrient_flutter_android, nutrient_flutter_ios, nutrient_flutter_web) for native SDK bindings via JNI (Android), FFI (iOS), and dart:js_interop (Web). Refer to the platform adapters guide for details. (J#HYB-895)
• [Beta] Adds platform adapter APIs (NutrientPlatformAdapter, NutrientController, NutrientViewHandle), enabling direct native SDK access alongside the existing Pigeon-based API. (J#HYB-895)
• Adds platform adapter examples demonstrating native SDK customization, event handling, and UI configuration. (J#HYB-895)
• Adds the ThemeConfiguration class to PdfConfiguration for configuring the viewer’s theme, including support for light, dark, and custom themes. (J#HYB-947)
• Updates web conditional exports to use dart.library.js_interop, replacing the deprecated dart.library.html. (J#HYB-895)
• Fixes an Android crash when using the startPage configuration option. (J#HYB-948)
• Fixes an iOS issue where iOSRightBarButtonItems and iOSLeftBarButtonItems weren’t displayed. (J#HYB-948)

5.3.1 — 26 Jan 2026

• Fixes an Android crash when adding image annotations with the annotationsCreated event listener active. (#50437)
• Fixes a type cast error when parsing GoToAction link annotations with integer parameters. (#50437)

5.3.0 — 22 Jan 2026

• Adds a headless document API for opening and manipulating PDF documents without displaying a viewer. (J#HYB-931)
• Adds programmatic bookmark management APIs to PdfDocument for creating, reading, updating, and deleting bookmarks. (J#HYB-932)
• Adds document dirty state APIs for tracking unsaved changes with cross-platform hasUnsavedChanges() and platform-specific methods. (J#HYB-934)
• Adds the iOSFileConflictResolution configuration option to handle file conflicts when a PDF is modified externally on iOS. (J#HYB-933)
• Adds the CustomStampItem class for configuring custom stamps with colors (iOS) and subtitles (iOS/Android).
• Improves the annotation properties API (J#HYB-935):
  • Fixes the text annotation font color being reset to black when updating other properties like opacity (Web).
  • Fixes the ink annotation line width property not being applied correctly.
  • Fixes the pspdfkit/undefined type exception when adding or removing text annotations.
  • Fixes getAnnotationProperties returning null for valid annotations.
  • Makes Annotation class properties immutable; use AnnotationProperties and AnnotationManager for updates.
• Updates to Nutrient iOS SDK 26.4.0.
• Updates to Nutrient Android SDK 10.10.1.
• Fixes an Android issue where the PDF view was hidden behind the keyboard when editing form fields. (J#HYB-929)

5.2.0 — 13 Oct 2025

• Introduces the AnnotationProperties class to manage and update annotation properties such as color, opacity, line width, flags, and custom data. (J#HYB-879)
• Updates Android SDK configuration (minSdk 24, compileSdk/targetSdk 36) to support Nutrient Android SDK 10.7.0.
• Updates iOS deployment target to 16 to support Nutrient iOS SDK 26.0.0.
• Updates AI Assistant implementation to use new createAiAssistant API with AiAssistantProvider interface support. (J#HYB-886)
• Fixes issue where getPageInfo throws an error if page labels aren’t set on Android. (J#HYB-882)
• Fixes issue where updating annotation flags results in unexpected behavior. (J#HYB-880,J#HYB-879)

5.1.0 — 04 Sep 2025

• Adds the androidShowAnnotationCreationAction configuration option to hide the default annotation creation button while keeping annotation editing functionality enabled on Android. (J#HYB-864)
• Adds OfficeConversionSettings for configuring Office document conversion parameters in Nutrient Flutter Web, including spreadsheet dimension controls. (J#HYB-861)
• Adds annotation contextual menu customization support with AnnotationMenuConfiguration. (J#HYB-683)
• Improves event listeners handling for better performance and reliability. (J#HYB-868)
• Updates to Nutrient iOS SDK 14.12.0 with the latest features and fixes.
• Updates to Nutrient Android SDK 10.5.0 with the latest features and fixes.
• Updates Kotlin version to 2.1.20 for compatibility with Nutrient Android SDK 10.6.0.
• Fixes an iOS issue where the signature dialog would immediately dismiss when entering annotation creation mode programmatically. (J#HYB-859)
• Fixes an Android race condition when calling getPageInfo immediately after onDocumentLoaded on a cold start. (J#HYB-870)

5.0.1 — 24 Jul 2025

• Update README.md files to include the latest rebranding changes for Nutrient Flutter SDK. (J#HYB-842)

5.0.0 — 22 Jul 2025

• Rebrands the PSPDFKit Flutter SDK to Nutrient Flutter SDK. Now available as nutrient_flutter on pub.dev.(J#HG-682)
• Adds the androidContentEditorEnabled configuration option to PdfConfiguration for controlling content editor availability on Android. (J#HYB-834)
• Adds automatic disabling of date stamps when custom default stamps are configured on iOS for a better user experience. (J#HYB-835)
• Introduces a migration script for seamless upgrade to Nutrient Flutter SDK 5.0.0. (#48175)
• Updates to Nutrient Android SDK 10.5.0 with the latest features and fixes.
• Updates to Nutrient iOS SDK 14.10.0 with the latest features and fixes.
• Now requires Flutter 3.30.0 or later.
• Fixes an issue where the onPageChanged callback was triggering multiple times on iOS. (J#HYB-839)

4.4.1 — 20 Jun 2025

• Updates for Nutrient Android SDK 10.4.0.
• Fixes issue where the Android signature dialog custom style is not applied. (HYB-820)

4.4.0 — 10 Jun 2025

• Adds AI Assistant support. (J#HYB-742)
• Adds addWebEventListener and removeWebEventListener APIs to PspdfkitWidgetController for Flutter Web. (J#HYB-760)
• Fixes missing resource ID issue with Android Gradle Plugin (AGP) version 8.9.2. (J#HYB-808)
• Fixes issue where PDF viewer fails to load when the mounting container has zero width on Flutter Web. (J#HYB-812)

4.3.0 — 11 Apr 2025

• Adds setting custom stamp items support. Only custom text stamps are supported, and this is available only on iOS and Android for now. (J#HYB-715)
• Adds signature creation configuration and signature saving strategy support. (J#HYB-739)
• Adds support for custom main toolbar items with icons. (J#HYB-732)
• Fixes issue where an annotation doesn’t get selected when clicked on iOS. (J#HYB-735)

4.2.2 — 24 Mar 2025

• Updates for Nutrient Android SDK 10.1.1 — see changelog.
• Updates Android bridging by moving MethodCallHandler from PspdfkitPlugin to PspdfkitPluginMethodCallHandler, preparing for a complete migration to Pigeon and a proper deprecation path. (J#HYB-690)
• Fixes an issue on Android when adding an annotationDeleted event listener. (J#HYB-640)

4.2.1 — 10 Mar 2025

• Adds enterAnnotationCreationMode and exitAnnotationCreationMode APIs to PspdfkitWidgetController.
• Updates base Annotation model class to make more base properties mutable.

4.2.0 — 03 Mar 2025

• Adds Annotation model classes. (J#HYB-614)
• Adds ability to set and get an annotation’s author name programmatically. (J#HYB-678)
• Adds a getPageCount API to PdfDocument. (J#HYB-680)
• Adds support for custom data. (J#HYB-682)
• Adds support for annotation flags. (J#HYB-683)
• Adds support for custom stamps. (J#HYB-685)
• Fixes issue where setting an iOS license key shows "PSPDFKit Licensing Issue" error. (J#HYB-658)
• Fixes annotation preset customizations not being set correctly. (J#HYB-686)

4.1.1 — 17 Jan 2025

• Fixes build issues where some Android resource IDs are missing. (J#HYB-625)
• Fixes issue where onPageChanged callback returns the wrong page index on iOS. (J#HYB-575)

4.1.0 — 03 Jan 2025

• Adds support for PspdfkitWidgetController.addEventListener to iOS and Android. (J#HYB-550)`
• Adds support for the latest Android Studio version. (J#HYB-539)
• Nutrient Flutter SDK now requires Android Gradle Plugin 8.0.0 or later. (J#HYB-539)
• Nutrient Flutter SDK now requires Flutter 3.27.0 or later. (J#HYB-596)
• Updates for Nutrient Android SDK 2024.9.0.
• Updates for Nutrient iOS SDK 14.3.0.
• Fixes onPageChanged callback being triggered early on iOS. (J#HYB-596)

4.0.0 — 01 Nov 2024

• Adds Pigeon for communication between Flutter and native iOS and Android platforms. (J#HYB-455)
• Fixes issue where annotation preset configurations are not applied to some annotation tools. (J#HYB-185)
• Fixes inconsistency in the applyInstantJson method parameter type. It now accepts a string on both iOS and Android. (#45541)
• Updates for Nutrient Android SDK 2024.6.1. (#45458)
• Updates for Nutrient iOS SDK 14.1.1. (#45458)
• Updates for Nutrient Web SDK 2024.7.0. (#45458)

3.12.1 — 11 Sep 2024

• Updates for PSPDFKit 2024.5.1 for Android. (J#HYB-506)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 13.9.1 for iOS. (J#HYB-506)
• PSPDFKit for Flutter now requires Flutter 3.24.1 or later.
• Fixes an issue where some annotation toolbar items are not displayed when custom grouping is used. (J#HYB-440)
• Fixes an issue where onDocumentLoaded is triggered multiple times. (J#HYB-494)

3.12.0 — 30 Jul 2024

• Adds zoomToRect and getVisibleRect APIs to PspdfkitWidgetController. (J#HYB-429)
• Adds processAnnotations API support for Android. (J#HYB-426)
• Updates the processAnnotations parameter types to AnnotationType and AnnotationProcessingMode enums. (#44722)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 2024.4.0 for Android. (J#HYB-422)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 13.8.0 for iOS. (J#HYB-422)

3.11.0 — 21 Jun 2024

• Adds API to get form filled properties to PdfDocument. (J#HYB-169)
• Adds Instant synchronization support on Web. (J#HYB-377)

3.10.1 — 28 May 2024

• Fixes an issue where ViewUtils.generateViewId() cannot be resolved. (J#HYB-379)

3.10.0 — 03 May 2024

• Adds APIs to get page information such as size, rotation, and label. (J#HYB-195)
• Adds document load callbacks to PspdfkitWidget. (J#HYB-195)
• Adds page change callback to PspdfkitWidget. (J#HYB-195)
• Adds support for exporting document as binary data. (J#HYB-337)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 2024.2.1 for Android.
• Updates for PSPDFKit 13.4.1 for iOS.

3.9.1 — 12 Apr 2024

• Downgrades to AGP 7.* for backward compatibility (J#HYB-290)
• Allow null value for Pspdfkit.setLicenseKey (J#HYB-294)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 2024.2.1 for Android (J#HYB-303)

3.9.0 — 22 Mar 2024

• Adds annotation toolbar customization for iOS and Android. (J#HYB-209)
• Adds support for MeasurementValueConfiguration to replace setMeasurementScale and setMeasurementPrecision. (J#HYB-206)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 13.3.3 for iOS. (#43792)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 2024.1.2 for Android. (#43792)
• Fixes events callback functions not being triggered on Web. (J#HYB-221)
• Fixes blank page when an annotation toolbar item is selected on Web. (#43792)

3.8.2 — 27 Feb 2024

• Updates for PSPDFKit 13.3.1 for iOS. (#43550)
• Fixes issue where PSPDFKit for Flutter does not work on web with Flutter SDK version 13.19.0 (J#HYB-216)
• Fixes issue where annotation toolbar items are not being displayed on Web. (J#HYB-217)

3.8.1 — 14 Feb 2024

• Fixes callbacks when Pspdfkit.present() is used. (J#HYB-204)

3.8.0 — 06 Feb 2024

• Adds Flutter for Web support. (#42151)
• Replaces configuration Map with a dedicated PdfConfiguration class. (#42191)
• Deprecates imports for package:pspdfkit_flutter/widgets/pspdfkit_widget.dart and package:pspdfkit_flutter/widgets/pspdfkit_widget_controller.dart.
  Use package:pspdfkit_flutter/pspdfkit.dart instead. (#43254)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 2024.1.0 for Android. (#43305)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 13.3.0 for iOS. (#43305)
• Compile SDK version 34 is now required on Android. (#43305)

3.7.2 — 12 Jan 2024

• Adds flutterPdfFragmentAdded callback for Android. (#42631)
• Updates FlutterAppCompatActivity to Support Flutter 3.16.0. (#42767)

3.7.1 — 18 Oct 2023

• Fixes issue where iOS Appstore upload fails due to PSPDFKit Flutter missing "CFBundleShortVersionString" key. (#42166)
• Fixes issue where Plugin returned "Document is missing or invalid" during pdfViewControllerWillDismiss events. (#42255)

3.7.0 — 07 Sep 2023

• Adds annotation preset customization. (#41669)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 8.8.1 for Android. (#41910)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 12.3.1 for iOS. (#41910)
• Updates the deployment target to iOS 15. (#39956)
• Updates example catalog with PspdfkitWidget usage. (#40861)

3.6.0 — 08 May 2023

• Adds measurement tools. (#39806)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 8.6.0 for Android. (#39501)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 12.2 for iOS. (#39995)

3.5.1 — 15 Mar 2023

• Updates iOS license initialization in the example catalog. (#38999)
• Updates Instant web demo links. (#39018)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 8.5.1 for Android. (#39090)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 12.1.2 for iOS. (#39090)

3.5.0 — 17 Jan 2023

• Adds Instant Synchronization support. (#37675)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 8.5 for Android. (#38136)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 12.0.2 for iOS. (#38136)

3.4.1 — 18 Nov 2022

• Updates for PSPDFKit 12.0 for iOS. (#37508)
• Fixes missing header file issue. (#37283)

3.4.0 — 26 Oct 2022

• Adds generating PDF from images, templates and HTML. (#36736)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 8.4.1 Android. (#37192)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 12.0 for iOS. (#37192)
• Fixes keyboard cutting off search results when inline search is disabled. (#35418)
• Fixes an issue where the PspdfkitView widget is not rendered in Flutter versions 3.3.0 and above on Android. (#37044)

3.3.0 — 19 Jul 2022

• Moved package files from lib/src to lib to remove import warnings and renamed main.dart to pspdfkit.dart. (#34058)
• Updates the deployment target to iOS 14.0. (#33871)
• PSPDFKit now requires Flutter 3.0.1 or later (#35028)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 11.4.0 for iOS. (#35384)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 8.2.1 for Android. (#35384)
• Handles multiple initializations exception. (#35079)
• Fixes an issue where tapping on form fields yields unexpected behavior in the Catalog basic example. (#33853)
• Fixes the configuration option userInterfaceViewMode: 'alwaysHidden' not hiding the widget’s top bar on iOS. (#31095)

3.2.2 — 16 Mar 2022

• Improves the example project by using the PlatformUtils class to check for supported platforms (#33212)
• Adds a new Save As example to the example project. (#33376)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 11.3.0 for iOS. (#33514)

3.2.1 — 04 Mar 2022

• Updates for PSPDFKit 8.1.2 for Android. (#33314)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 11.2.4 for iOS. (#33314)

3.2.0 — 14 Feb 2022

• This release requires you to update your Android project’s compileSdkVersion to version 31. Please refer to our migration guide for this release.
• PSPDFKit now requires Flutter 2.10.1 or later. (#33016)
• Adds a new configuration option to disable autosave. (#32857)
• Adds a new example illustrating manual saving of documents with autosave disabled. (#32857)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 8.1.1 for Android. (#33016)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 11.2.2 for iOS. (#33016)

3.1.0 — 06 Jan 2022

• Adds Flutter widget support for Android. (#23824)
• Adds tiff support for image documents for Android. (#23824)
• Adds documentation for all the configuration options. (#32246)
• Unifies the configuration options on Android and iOS. (#32246)
• Adds a new example that shows how to open a PDF document using the appropriate platform style. (#32100)
• Adds new Flutter APIs in pspdfkit_widget.dart. (#23824)
• Implements Android support for PspdfkitWidget.applyInstantJson method. (#23824)
• Implements Android support for PspdfkitWidget.exportInstantJson method. (#23824)
• Implements Android support for PspdfkitWidget.setFormFieldValue method. (#23824)
• Implements Android support for PspdfkitWidget.getFormFieldValue method. (#23824)
• Implements Android support for PspdfkitWidget.addAnnotation method. (#23824)
• Implements Android support for PspdfkitWidget.getAnnotations method. (#23824)
• Implements Android support for PspdfkitWidget.getAllUnsavedAnnotations method. (#23824)
• Implements Android support for PspdfkitWidget.save method. (#23824)
• Improves logic in AnnotationTypeAdapter for converting an Instant JSON annotation type into a proper AnnotationType. (#23824)
• Improves the layout in the Programmatic form filling example. (#23824)
• Unifies Dart examples and removes Cupertino widgets in favor of Material widgets. (#32100)
• PSPDFKit now requires Flutter 2.8.1 or later. (#32494)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 11.2 for iOS. (#32494)
• Renames pspdfkit_view.dart into pspdfkit_widget_controller.dart. (#23824)
• Fixes button overflow issue on iOS devices in the Flutter example. (#31198)

3.0.3 — 07 Dec 2021

• Updates for PSPDFKit 8.0.2 for Android. (#32165)

3.0.2 — 02 Nov 2021

• Updates for PSPDFKit 11.1 for iOS. (#31654)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 8.0.1 for Android. (#31743)
• Improves the repository’s README. (#31633)

3.0.1 — 21 Oct 2021

• Update to PSPDFKit for Android 8.
• PSPDFKit now requires Flutter 2.5.3 or later. (#31360)

3.0.0 — 28 Sep 2021

• Adds the ability to open TIFF images as Image Documents. (#28630)
• Adds a setLicenseKeys method which accepts both Android and iOS license keys. (#30943)
• Adds support for iOS 15. (#31008)
• PSPDFKit now requires Flutter 2.5.1 or later. (#30960)
• PSPDFKit now requires Xcode 13 or later. (#31008)
• Migrates Flutter APIs to Android embedding v2. (#30680)
• Removes path_provider as a dependency. (#30680)

2.4.0 — 22 Jul 2021

• Updates to PSPDFKit for Android 7.0. (#30286)
• Bump minimum SDK version androidMinSdkVersion to API 21. (#30286)

2.3.3 — 19 Jul 2021

• Improves readme file removing compileOptions section as not required anymore. (#30258)

2.3.2 — 07 Jul 2021

• Updates the deployment target of iOS to 13 for PSPDFKit 10.5 for iOS. (#30057)

2.3.1 — 03 Jun 2021

• Updates readme example to enable running with sound null safety. (#29631)
• Adds the implementation for the save method on iOS. (#29644)

2.3.0 — 01 Jun 2021

• Removes the need of a trial key for running PSPDFKit Flutter in demo mode. (#28297)
• Updates to PSPDFKit for Android 6.6.2 (#29523)

2.2.2 — 06 May 2021

• Adds a title image for the plugin frontpage. (#29330)

2.2.1 — 03 May 2021

• Reverts some unneeded file changes. (#29286)

2.2.0 — 03 May 2021

• Updates the minimum required Dart version to 2.12.0. (#29277)
• Migrates the plugin and the examples to support Sound Null Safety. (#29277)

2.1.0 — 20 Apr 2021

• Adds a string for the reader view button in iOS so that it can be used in PSPDFViewController’s toolbar. (#28465)
• Fixes dart code formatting. (#28303)
• Updates the README for easier getting started instructions and simpler example code. (#28303)
• Updates to PSPDFKit for Android 6.6.0. (#28926)
• Updates example app dependencies to latest: path_provider and cupertino_icons. (#28926)

2.0.1 — 24 Feb 2021

• Updates package description for pub.dev. (#28225)
• Adds pedantic static analysis check and addresses the analysis warnings. (#28225)

2.0.0 — 17 Feb 2021

• First pub.dev published version. (#28157)
• Updates the minimum required Flutter SDK version to 1.12.0. (#28157)

1.10.6 — 9 Feb 2021

• Adds “Migrating from Version 1.10.3” section in the main README. (pspdfkit-flutter:#83)
• Fixes import in getting started code snippets for iOS and Android. (pspdfkit-flutter:#83)
• Updates the requirements in the iOS README. (pspdfkit-flutter:#83)

1.10.5 — 2 Feb 2021

• Fixes the license key in the example project. (pspdfkit-flutter:#82)

1.10.4 — 2 Feb 2021

• Updates Gradle version and enable AndroidX for Android plugin and example. (pspdfkit-flutter:#80)
• Updates for PSPDFKit 10.2 for iOS and Xcode 12.4. (pspdfkit-flutter:#81)
• Changes open source license to modified BSD instead of Apache. (pspdfkit-flutter:#79)
• Fixes versioning system to not require a manual update in two places. (pspdfkit-flutter:#80)

1.10.3 — 11 Jan 2021

• Updates copyright year to 2021. (pspdfkit-flutter:#75)

1.10.2 — 20 Nov 2020

• Updates for PSPDFKit for iOS 10.1 and Xcode 12.2. (pspdfkit-flutter:#74)

1.10.1 — 28 Oct 2020

• Updates to PSPDFKit for Android 6.5.3. (pspdfkit-flutter:#71)

1.10.0 — 9 Oct 2020

• Updates to PSPDFKit for Android 6.5. (pspdfkit-flutter:#66)

1.9.0 — 3 Mar 2020

• Updates to PSPDFKit for Android 6.2. (pspdfkit-flutter:#62)

1.8.0 — 21 Jan 2020

• Updates to PSPDFKit for Android 6.1.1. (pspdfkit-flutter:#54)
• Adds Instant JSON document support. (pspdfkit-flutter:#48)
• Fixes example project. (pspdfkit-flutter:#50, #53)

1.7.1 — 26 Nov 2019

• Exposes the pageLayoutMode and isFirstPageAlwaysSingle configuration options. (pspdfkit-flutter:#46)

1.7.0 — 8 Oct 2019

• Updates to PSPDFKit for Android 6.0. (pspdfkit-flutter:#36)
• Updates to PSPDFKit for iOS 9. (pspdfkit-flutter:#42)
• Adds Forms API. (pspdfkit-flutter:#28)